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        <blockquote>
<p>这里只是我根据央行发布的支付体系运行总体情况报告整理得来的信息，对一些系统或者周边系统还没有深入了解到。</p>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>

<p><img src="/Payment/payment-clearing-architecture/%E6%94%AF%E4%BB%98%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F.png" alt="支付系统信息"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>CIPS 是人民币国际化的重要部分</p>
<p>其他清算系统也有美国运通一个位置了，因为美国运通也拿到清算牌照，正式营业了。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="/Payment/payment-clearing-architecture/%E6%B8%85%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84.png" alt="&#39;架构&#39;"></p>
<p>这里这么多清算机构，是不是都懵圈了？ 在开始之前，先铺垫一点基础术语：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>实时</p>
<p>每一笔交易都实时处理，即来一笔交易就处理一笔。</p>
</li>
<li><p>批量</p>
<p>交易累积一段时间做处理。例如，累积一天做处理的叫做99批次；累积半天做处理的叫做13批次[13点]和23批次[23点]；还有每小时累积一次，那全天一共24个批次了。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>现在简单概述一下央行的这四个主要的清算系统。</p>
<h2 id="央行四大支付系统"><a href="#央行四大支付系统" class="headerlink" title="央行四大支付系统"></a>央行四大支付系统</h2><h3 id="大额实时支付系统"><a href="#大额实时支付系统" class="headerlink" title="大额实时支付系统"></a>大额实时支付系统</h3><p>大额是实时处理交易的；</p>
<p>金融机构都会在央行大额支付系统里开立清算账户，然后其他清算系统基本上会在清算的批次时调用央行大额支付将钱从各个金融机构的清算账户上划付。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>另外，不要被名称中的大额给误导了，因为大额支付系统的金额起点为0。也就是说，1毛钱的生意也可以使用大额。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="小额批量支付系统"><a href="#小额批量支付系统" class="headerlink" title="小额批量支付系统"></a>小额批量支付系统</h3><p>小额是批量处理交易的；</p>
<p>主要是定位零售的，其实和美国的ACH [ <a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/自动清算所系统/6889060?fr=aladdin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Automated Clearing House</a>]类似，一些什么代发工资，代收水电煤气之类的缴费等等；</p>
<p>是有金额上限限制的。</p>
<h3 id="网上支付跨行清算系统"><a href="#网上支付跨行清算系统" class="headerlink" title="网上支付跨行清算系统"></a>网上支付跨行清算系统</h3><p>这个也叫做超级网银</p>
<p>银行网银就是使用的这个系统。</p>
<h3 id="境内外币支付系统"><a href="#境内外币支付系统" class="headerlink" title="境内外币支付系统"></a>境内外币支付系统</h3><p>这个满足国内对外币的需求，例如我们兑换美元，可以预约去中国银行兑换。</p>
<h2 id="清算系统"><a href="#清算系统" class="headerlink" title="清算系统"></a>清算系统</h2><h3 id="人民币跨境支付系统"><a href="#人民币跨境支付系统" class="headerlink" title="人民币跨境支付系统"></a>人民币跨境支付系统</h3><p>这个和境内外币支付系统恰恰相反，其用来国外满足人民币的清算。这个是人民币走出去的关键一步。</p>
<h3 id="城银清-amp-农信银"><a href="#城银清-amp-农信银" class="headerlink" title="城银清 &amp; 农信银"></a>城银清 &amp; 农信银</h3><p>这两个一个是为城市商业银行做清算的，一个是为农村合作信用社做清算的。</p>
<h3 id="银行卡跨行支付系统"><a href="#银行卡跨行支付系统" class="headerlink" title="银行卡跨行支付系统"></a>银行卡跨行支付系统</h3><p>这个是银行卡跨行支付的系统，即参与方是多家不同的金融机构，也称之为本代他</p>
<p>一般银行系统是不能直接处理其它银行的交易的，其中主要原因有两个方面，以A银行和B银行为例</p>
<ol>
<li><p>处理交易协议不同</p>
<p>A银行发行的卡其处理逻辑基本上大体上是按照标准来的，例如ISO8583；但是，还有一些自定义的地方或者各家支持的业务也有所不同，各个银行实现是不同的，所以会导致处理失败。</p>
</li>
<li><p>资金积压严重</p>
<p>及时第一点不是一个障碍，那么A银行发行的卡在B银行取款，那么为什么B银行要把钱给卡持有者呢？那么A就得在B银行开户，在B银行的账户上存钱，其钱叫做头寸。如果有10家机构或者100家机构或者更多呢？正如当时支付宝等支付机构在630‘断直连’之前都是一样的。所以会导致很多资金都在各个金融机构的账户里存着，白白浪费了资金的流动性。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>解决上述两个方面的问题，有什么方案呢？现在通用的方案是</p>
<ul>
<li><p>同一种通信协议或者规范</p>
<p>卡组织就是来做这个事情的，卡组织制定统一的规范，同时开发各种支付产品等等；这样大家就使用同一种通信规范，基本上可以跨越不同银行，做交易往来了。</p>
</li>
<li><p>在央行统一开立清算账户</p>
<p>这样央行开立一个清算账户，里面存上钱，供资金划付使用。如果金融机构在账户里存的钱不够，可以同行拆借等等；这样就不用在各个金融机构里开立账户。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>好了，银行卡跨行支付系统就是做这个事情的。</p>
<h3 id="网联清算系统"><a href="#网联清算系统" class="headerlink" title="网联清算系统"></a>网联清算系统</h3><p>这个清算系统有点特殊，因为它的出现，网上有很多马云与银联故事。其实网上支付现在不一定是全部通过它的，其实也可以通过银联等跨行支付系统的；后面再详细讲讲它的业务类型。</p>

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          <div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#央行四大支付系统"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">央行四大支付系统</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#大额实时支付系统"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">大额实时支付系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#小额批量支付系统"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">小额批量支付系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#网上支付跨行清算系统"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">网上支付跨行清算系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#境内外币支付系统"><span class="nav-number">1.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">境内外币支付系统</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#清算系统"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">清算系统</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#人民币跨境支付系统"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">人民币跨境支付系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#城银清-amp-农信银"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">城银清 &amp; 农信银</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#银行卡跨行支付系统"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">银行卡跨行支付系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#网联清算系统"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">网联清算系统</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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